Microenvironment Forces Facing the Luxury Brand Industry

There are numerous smaller scale ecological powers influencing the extravagance brand industry, and these incorporate clients. Clients will in general originate from better places henceforth possessing various attributes and practices with respect to spending. Contingent upon how they raise their salaries, buyers will in general spend in various ways. For example, individuals with high salaries will in general buy quality items paying little mind to their prices.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Microenvironment Forces Facing the Luxury Brand Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies a few people can manage the cost of costly sumptuous items while others can just bear the cost of modest products. This factor influences the extravagance brand industry in an extraordinary manner provided that in a given area individuals are incredibly poor then the gainfulness winds up being high and the other way around. Clients are dynamic, and they change with different factors inside their surroundings and these progressions impactsly affect industry execution (Earl and Kemp, 2000, p.76). Contenders present gigantic difficulties to different players in the business since they come out to battle for their stake in the market. This is immensely noteworthy in light of the fact that various players need to ensure that they consider giving the best to their clients. Customers’ buying choices are guided by quality and moderateness thus they pick to buy merchandise from good venders. Indeed, clients favor buying sumptuous merchandise from suppliers who offer quality items at significant costs (Lantos, 2010, p.67). Thusly, contenders assume key jobs in value adjustment, in the market, since they contend on cost so as to offer their clients the best. Political components have a great deal of impact to the business, also. This implies pioneers in any nation or state may decide the kind of business condition in which an ind ustry works. Government officials settle on choices that influence people’s lives. In this manner, their choices directly affect shopper conduct. For example, on the off chance that they create financial approaches impacting utilization emphatically, at that point individuals may will in general purchase a great deal of lavish brands and the other way around. In the event that, there is political flimsiness in any nation, shopper conduct is influenced, and this influences the extravagance brands industry in an extraordinary manner (Lantos, 2010, p.67). For example, savagery brought about by political activities may influence organizations prompting collection of misfortunes. Misfortunes can happen where individuals plunder stores removing stocks or annihilating business premises causing misfortunes for the specialists. Elements expanding more youthful consumers’ interests in extravagant items Consumption of rich great is in uncontrolled increment among youngsters in th e general public today. This is brought about by the way that youngsters are presented to a great deal of web based advertising of extravagant brands consequently making mindfulness among the part. This implies promoting is incredibly significant as production of mindfulness prompts increment in buying.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Young individuals have a ton to do with the web when contrasted with the older and this gives a situation where clients find out about current undertakings on the planet. For example, dominant part of youngsters are bought in to informal communities, for example, Facebook and twitter. Through these interpersonal organizations, they get chances to meet and know others from various pieces of the world. A portion of these individuals are experts who might be out to search for clients from everywhere throughout the world. For example, an adv ertiser may think of a gathering in an informal community to talk about their items with companions (Lantos, 2010, p.67). This may include adding numerous individuals to the gathering paying little mind to where they originate from subsequently making a stage for publicizing their items. Individuals find out about their items and they gain however much data as could reasonably be expected from the site henceforth settling on buying choices. This has prompted the expansion in the quantity of youngsters engaged with buying of sumptuous brands. Youngsters are such a great amount into motion pictures and most recent music, and they become devotees of given craftsmen. Craftsmen are utilized by organizations to advertise their brands, and the system has really worked for some associations. For example, numerous youngsters purchase garments with brands like those well used by their preferred entertainers or artists. This is the motivation behind why youngsters are going through a great dea l of cash to purchase lavish brands. What's more, youngsters are in the wake of flaunting to their companions (Earl and Kemp, 2000, p.76). This has prompted increment in buying of costly extravagant items since youngsters need to ensure that they have best brands. Truth be told, they contend on brands thus bringing in generous cash for players in extravagance brands industry. At long last, youngsters have scarcely any obligations consequently selecting to spend their livelihoods on sumptuous brands. Most youngsters have no families consequently end up with a ton of cash because of restricted obligations. Explanations behind the developing enthusiasm for counterfeit rich brands among youngsters Higher pay among the adolescent has prompted increment sought after for extravagant products. Makes have come out to exploit the circumstances by creating items which are not really unique to get a portion of the expanding request in the market. They have thought of items which are somewhat no t quite the same as the realized ones henceforth confounding the circumstances on the ground.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Microenvironment Forces Facing the Luxury Brand Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, Nokla has been delivered to rival Nokia and the brand has made a tough undertaking for the first Nokia. Replicating notable brands have caused numerous clients to pick brands without thinking about phony items since the thing that matters is slight (Earl and Kemp, 2000, p.76). This implies advertisers of phony items are strikingly explicit when building up their image names. This is on the grounds that they know darned well that customers are never sharp about items names thus a slight change can work out for them especially well. Governments have been not able to control this replicating of brands since they get a great deal as far as income produced by counterfeit brands. Actually, counterfeit items are selling mor e than unique ones since they typically sell at lower costs. Also, advertisers of phony items are remarkably sharp henceforth investing a ton of amounts of energy to ensure that they win consumers’ minds subsequently affecting their buying power. Counterfeit brands acquire customer credit effectively in light of the fact that they are planned for offering to buyers what the first brands don't. Actually, this has made flawless contending reason for counterfeit makers as they contend on extra highlights. Customers incline toward getting items with extra highlights without thinking about their quality. Truth be told, the majority of the phony items have shorter lives when contrasted with unique items. This is the motivation behind why they sell at nearly low costs consequently getting speaking to buyers (Michman and Mazze, 2006, p. 46). Furthermore, numerous items continue overhauling their status planned for expanding flawlessness and efficiency. This allows counterfeit makers to think of their replicated renditions of the first forms subsequently having the option to include in the market adequately. Truth be told, items, which don't require redesigning, might not have counterfeit forms since customers become acclimated to the first form and they make the most of its fulfillment. Issues that are offering ascend to the customer pattern towards amusing buying of items Ironic buying of items is incited by components, for example, neediness. This is the place individuals are poor, however they need lavish merchandise in their lives. This leads them to buying counterfeit items so as to fulfill their desire. These individuals buy counterfeit brands knowing exceedingly well that they are buying counterfeit items. By and large, individuals wind up buying counterfeit brands believing that they are buying the first brands.Advertising Searching for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This can be credited to absence of adequate data with respect to unique brands. Dominant part of shoppers in the market today intentionally buy counterfeit items as their very own result reasons. Some may buy such items since they are modest and legitimize their choice (Michman and Mazze, 2006, p. 46). This happens where individuals buys counterfeit items and when gotten some information about the buy, they guard their activities. This is especially hazardous on the grounds that individuals may wind up expending counterfeit items subsequently denying unique makers their legitimately claimed benefits. What's more, there is a great deal of showcasing on the web whereby counterfeit items are promoted and shown for clients on the web. This prompts increment in buying of phony brands as purchasers find out about them from the web (Lantos, 2010, p.67). Truth be told, they can even get an opportunity to take in progressively about phony items from their advertisers. These advertisers persua de online clients until they purchase their items consequently advancing unexpected purchasing since clients purchase these items believing that they are unique. The observation comes up where they accept that phony items ought not be advertised on the web. References Earl, P. E. what's more, Kemp, S. 2000. The Elgar Companion to Consumer Research and Economic Psychology. Edward Elgar Publishing, Sydney Lantos, G. P., 2010. Purchaser Behavior in real life: Real-Life Applications for Marketing Managers. M.E. Sharpe, London. Michman, R. D. also, Mazze, E. M. 2006. The Affluent Consumer: Marketing And Selling the Luxurious Lifestyle. Greenwood Publishin

Coca-Cola India Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca-Cola India - Case Study Example For over 100 years, coca-cola has kept up the main situation sought after for soda pops in the business. The organization made its entrance into India through Coca-Cola India Private Limited; Coca-Cola India PVT is a completely possessed auxiliary of the organization. In 19963, the organization re-propelled coca-cola two years in the wake of opening up the Indian economy (Banerjee, 2009). Since the re-dispatch of Coca-Cola in 1963, the company’s activities have expanded quickly. Coca-Cola Company utilizes a model that supports packaging tasks that are both locally and organization possessed. Indian wholesalers are roughly 7000 while retailers are 2.2million. This wide appropriation organize has made Coca-Cola items a main brand in the vast majority of the drink fragments. Coca-Cola India creates an assortment of brands including Coca-Cola, Limca, Thumbs Up, Kinley, Minute Maid, Fanta Orange, Sprite, Burn, Maaza and Vitingo. The approved bottlers are occupied with autonomous advancement markets for these items and circulate them to food merchants, little retailers, eateries, and general stores. Notwithstanding USD 2 billion that Coca-Cola has just put resources into India, there are plans for contributing extra USD 5 billion continuously 2020 (Banerjee, 2009). Coca-Cola’s tasks in India has not been smoothed out notwithstanding gigantic speculations. One of the emergency in the company’s history in India spins includes August 5, 2003 assault. The Center for Science and Environment, a dissident gathering involving engineers, earthy people, researchers, and writers assaulted coca-cola refering to proof of perilous items in the company’s refreshments (Banerjee, 2009). The public statement expressed that Coca-Cola India’s twelve significant brands sold in Dheli contained destructive mixed drink pesticide pesticides. The allegation caused dread concerning the supportability of Coca-Coca Company in India and the wellbeing of its items. This occurrence had huge ramifications on the company’s productivity, corporate

Business_Feasibility_Study Example

Business_Feasibility_Study Example Business_Feasibility_Study â€" Essay Example > Business Feasibility Study: Terrific Experience Tourism CompanyExecutive SummaryTerrific Experience Tourism Company is a business idea that has been borne out of the need investing in the numerous opportunities in tourism industry. This report gives a feasibility study with the aim of convincing investors and other stakeholders to support the idea. The report describes the services that the company will engage in and how it will generate revenues for its operation. Market environment and competition looks at the external macroeconomic factors that will affect the operations of the business. The feasibility study represents the business idea in full explaining how every challenge and need will be met. Environmental conservation will be part of the crucial area that the company will have to pay attention to. Environmental activities and the government are always keen on ensuring enforcement of environmental policies. The financial projects section gives the estimates of balance shee t, income statement, and cash flow of the company. Recommendations and findings give an overview of want should be done. The report ends with a conclusion and it is accompanied by a list of references. Product or ServiceThe company known as Terrific Experience will provide travel services and accommodation to local and international tourists in the area. The company will organize travel tours and excursions in the interior of the country. It will be important to specify that the company will not deal with physical products but majorly services. These services will include travel tours, accommodation, guides provision, sporting activities, and introduction to other parties that the visitors may interested in. The company will provide opportunities for excursions for companies who want to give a special treat to their employees (Carkenord, 2008). The tourism industry has opportunities for investment following the renewed interest in people to understand the environment in which they live in through excursions. As people look for affordable leisure joints and activities, there is need to come up with the kind of service that will satisfy them besides being affordable. This concept will widely target local citizens but will also blend with international tourists who are seeking opportunities for holidays in the country. The company will be known as Terrific Experience Tourist Company. TechnologySophisticated technology has been widely used in the tourism sector. The tourism market is selective, knowledgeable, demanding, sophisticated, demanding, and more experience is needed in its operation. The company will have to employ the latest technology in ensuring that the guests receive high quality services but at an affordable price. Solar systems of heating water for bathing will be encouraged as a means of ensuring environmental conservation. The hotel rooms will have to be fitted with CCTV cameras to enhance surveillance by security teams. The latest dishes of c onnecting main channel service will also be acquired. The company will also have to use electronic or online registration for quick registering visitors. Databases for storing every client’s information will have to be developed to store more information. In adverting, the marketing department will use sophisticated ways of communicate to the general public. Technology plays an important role in launching the activities of the company.

Use Of Description Effectively By George Orwell s An...

1.How doe he use description effectively? Give a couple examples of powerful use of language Hedges uses description effectively and helps shows the reader what he saw, heard, taste, smelt and even touched during his own experience as a war correspondent in Latin America. One quote that stood out to me, he states â€Å" I have looked into the eyes of mothers keening over the lifeless and mutilated bodies of their children, and I have stood in warehouses with rows of corpses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He clearly established that the war is more than its portrayed to be. It becomes more eye opening to know, that innocent woman and children are dying helplessly due to others greed, paranoia and selfish acts of defending. He effectively provokes emotions of shame, guilt and sadness because of the imagery he provides, as though the bodies of those dead do no matter, if they are not of our own. Another example comes from describing the physical appearance of a woman. He states â€Å"Her cheeks were hollow, her hair dry and brittle. Her teeth were decayed; some had broken into jagged bits.â €  This is a great example of powerful language because it describes how the physical being of the people have deteriorated due to the lack of resources used for hygienic routines like, taking a shower, washing your hair and brushing your teeth. 2.How does he define friendship vs. comradeship? What do you think of his distinction between friendship and comradeship? Hedges described comradeship as only something we feel in war

Defining Religion Essay - 2695 Words

Defining Religion Religion is only the illusory sun which revolves round man as long as he does not revolve round himself. Karl Marx. Before we can look at the Marxist theory of religion we must first have some understanding of what religion is. For many in todays world religion is becoming something alien, only 3% of the population of Britain attend Church! Religion is, however, much more than simple Church attendance, something that has never been high amongst the British working-class. Religion for me involves two things: beliefs and practices, or, rituals. Roland Robertson defines religion in the†¦show more content†¦How do you object? The only thing to do is not to go to the ritual. Imagine getting up in the middle of one of the Ministers prayers and stating your objections, you would either be ignored or thrown from the place of worship. Rituals are sacred, not to be interrupted or questioned. What Im concerned with here is less the ritual aspect of religion as the beliefs that form religions and the religious hierarchies that hold a measure of power, in some societies more than others, vis-à  -vis the State and civil society in general. What did Marx and Engels think of religion? Marx had as much time for religion as the religious had for Marxism. For Marx religion is an illusion, a creation of humanity. God did not create humanity: humanity creates its Gods. The phenomenon of religion is part of what Marx refers to as alienation. Alienation is a situation in which the creations of humanity appear alien, that is, we do not recognise our own hand in their creation and assign to them powers that only we ourselves possess or could possess if only we did not assign them to superhuman beings that do not exist. Marx was very much influenced by the work of philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach. According to Feuerbach God was merely a projection of humanitys attributes, desires and potentialities. Once menShow MoreRelatedDefining Religion1029 Words   |  5 PagesWhen searching for the meaning of the term religion one most go a long way in making an extensive search to actually form a definition that can fit such a broad word. There is no one definition that can satisfy all religions and remain true to all religions throughout its answer. There are many different views and definitions of the word and it is very hard to come up with a reasonable definition that sums such a massive expression up. Religion when used as a single word is almost impossible to defineRead MoreDefining Religion Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Religion The most fundamental question when examining a religion is what is religion? That is a distinctly hard question to answer considering that what is ordinarily considered to be religion is not all it is, and what many consider not to be religion may be near religious (i.e. sports). The truth is that there are no genuine answers to the question of what is religion. Definitions of religion tend to suffer from one of two problems: they are eitherRead MoreEssay on Religion in a Multicultural World1291 Words   |  6 PagesReligion In a multicultural world where language, traditions and culture differ from country to country there is one thing that may be deemed to be true and this is that religion is the centre point for most of them. So then what exactly is religion? And how can you define it? In this paper I will be analysing and considering the different definitions that have been proposed by Victoria S. Harrison in her article â€Å"The pragmatics of defining religion in a multi-cultural world† and what I considerRead MoreThe Impossibility Of Religious Freedom1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe act of defining religion has been a contentious issue in a wide variety of situations, particularly in the United States. The US is a nation that prides itself on religious inclusivity and freedom. There are consequences to this belief and tenant. Through the social, legal and moral structures of the United States, defining religion has become imperative. In The Impossibility of Religious Freedom, Winifred Sulliv an outlines the legal implications of defining religion in the United States. InRead MoreWhat Is Religion? Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is religion? Each person’s definition of religion is different. Each person’s faith is different. This is a question that has been asked for centuries, and regardless of the answer given there is no right or wrong answer. Religion can be defined as a group of people who have shared beliefs who feel their life has purpose or meaning. This feeling or belief that their life has meaning can come from outside of themselves, as well as within. Taking this one step further, these shared beliefsRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Cultures By Clifford Geertz1713 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of religion, which has been subjected to much admiration and scrutiny. In this essay, I will be discussing some of Geertz’s terminology, cockfighting’s relationship with religion, Asad’s enlightening critique, and webs of significance. For starters, I will say that I actually read another one of Geertz’s pieces, Islam Observed, a year ago, and while I liked some of his ideas, I interpreted his tone and word choices at times as a tad bit condescending. I found â€Å"Religion as a CulturalRead MoreDefining Abnormality1408 Words   |  6 PagesDefining Abnormality Paper Sabrina Koppen University Of Phoenix Robert Irizarry PSY 410 Abnormal Psychology August 11, 2008 Defining Abnormality Paper As William is walking down the street he notices a young woman walking toward him having a full conversation. Technology, Bill thought to himself, thinking that the young woman has one of those blue tooth ear pieces in her ear. Once Bill is close enough to get a clear view he realizes that the young woman is not on the phone but indeedRead MorePride, Religion, Heritage, And Success Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagespositivity and negativity. In defining the meaning of pride, one will perceive that it correlates with three prominent areas of the human life: religion, heritage, and success. Pride is a characteristic of the human nature that results from feelings of respect toward certain aspects of one’s life. First, an area of life in which humans encounter the emotional feeling of pride is in their practice of religion. An ideal example of humans displaying pride in their religion is the Muslim community. SomeRead MoreMeaning and End of Religion Essay934 Words   |  4 Pages September 17, 2011 Intro to Phil of Religion Professor Skorobogatov-Gray Banner ID: 800494043 The Meaning and End Of Religion Wilfred Cantwell Smith In the article, The Meaning and End of Religion, by Wilfred Cantwell Smith writes about his idea of the concept of religion explaining it to be a universally valid category as it is theorized but is truly a European creation. Throughout the article Smith conveys his ideas of religion. In his piece, there are several interestingRead MoreThe Social Vs. The Individual946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Social vs. The Individual The concept of religion is a vastly complex and broad idea that many social theorists have tried to define over the course of history. Emile Durkheim and William James are two main theorists whose research has had a significant effect on how religion is viewed by many today. Although Durkheim and James are on different sides of the spectrum when it comes to their explanations of the role of religion in society and in the individual, there are also many similarities

If only God had made Adam Steve, instead of Adam Eve Free Essays

In â€Å"Let Gays Marry,† Andrew Sullivan responds to conservative objections to same-sex marriages, by arguing that allowing such unions would actually promote traditional values, such as fidelity, monogamy, and love. It should logically appeal to straight conservatives, who deplore gay male promiscuity, that the declaration of Supreme Court: â€Å"A state cannot deem a class of persons a stranger to its laws,† now assigns equal rights to gays and lesbians. Andrew Sullivan is a senior editor at The New Republic, a magazine he edited from 1991 to 1996, and the U. We will write a custom essay sample on If only God had made Adam Steve, instead of Adam Eve or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. columnist for the Sunday Times of London. He has a B. A. in modern history and modern languages from Oxford University and a Ph. D. in political science from Harvard University. He lives in Washington, D. C. The real problem is that there are really only three arguments against gay marriage: One is rooted in entirely God’s preferences, the second cites inconclusive research on its negative effects on children, and third, the integrity of a marriage as a legal document. Sullivan effectively presents his case in a very logical fashion, calmly displaying his points, and using a statement declared by the United States Supreme Court, under which no gay men or lesbians will be considered strangers in America. They (Gays) are human beings just like you and I, â€Å"the sons and daughters of countless mothers and 2 fathers,† and should have the same opportunities to pursue happiness by marrying the one that they love. A natural process, where two people fall in love and decide to get married, is not any different for gay people. Therefore legalizing gay marriages does not provide gays with any special rights or place in America, but instead people will consider them to be an equal part of the society. The main idea is homosexuals should have the right to get married legally. Sullivan does not want churches to make any change in their practice, but to allow everyone to be who he/she is, a principle that the United States was created on. Plus, the concept of marriage has changed within the past one hundred years. The inter-caste and the inter-religion marriages which were once prohibited or forbidden between couples, has now become socially acceptable. Gay marriages do not change anyone else’s rights or marriages in any way. Marriage is not just about raising children because the fact that many notable â€Å"childless heterosexual couples† exist in today’s society, such as Bob Dole and his wife Elizabeth Dole, etc. Sullivan concludes by telling the general public to accept homosexual marriages and the fact that they will not be the turning point for the downfall of all society. Although I agree with Sullivan when he says, legalizing gay unions would not change anyone’s right to marriage, I find Bennett’s view more powerful, that it would weaken the institution of marriage, and contradict natural, moral, religious, and sexual realities. After reading Sullivan’s article, I question his credibility, as he didn’t provide enough evidence to get his point through. His approach toward his readers is with a lot of pathos, rather than logos. For example, when he states â€Å"And what we 3 seek is not a special place in America†¦ o give back to our society,† it is not clear as to what he means by giving back. When he argues about the definition of marriage, Sullivan fails to see the change, which was brought about for the welfare of the people (inter-caste marriages, inter-religion marriages, etc. ), consisted of a â€Å"man† and a â€Å"woman†, not two men, or two women. I would have agreed to the assertion, â€Å"the most simple, the most natural, and the most human instinct,† if it was used to prove the relationship between a male and a female. But using it to persuade about the same sex marriage doesn’t cheer me up. To answer the question of whether gay and lesbian couples should have the right to marry, the question of why the institution of marriage is valued so dearly in society today must be answered. To do this, the meaning of the word marriage must be found, remembering that there are different levels in which marriage can be interpreted and/or evaluated. As with many other issues, when one tries to define the word marriage and its repercussions in society, several fundamental questions arise that must be answered in order to get a better understanding of the issue in question. Questions like: What is marriage defined as? In Webster’s Dictionary, marriage is defined as â€Å"The institution whereby men and women are joined in special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. † This concept seems to have been perpetuated throughout history, one man and one woman joined â€Å"till death do them part. † Keeping the above points in view, same sex marriages defy the laws of Christianity, and it is immoral in the eyes of society. Homosexuality in almost all countries has been looked down upon, and sometimes condemned. This opposition stems from the Holy 4 Bible. The couple in the Garden of Eden was a man and a woman, not two men or two women. If God intended two men or two women to be together, he would have put them in the Garden of Eden, giving them both the ability to have children. But that didn’t happen. God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve, for the procreation of life. God wanted man and woman to reproduce with one another in order for the human race to continue. Today, adoption has taken a turn for the worse; Gay and Lesbian couples who cannot have their own children are adopting kids. I see this as one of the concerned problems. What kind of message are these kids getting? That homosexuality is all right. Moreover, the impact of this move can be devastating on the children as they grow up. For example, they might have to face a lot of challenges, like people taunting them, name calling, making fun, etc. Homosexuality is rejected by all major religions around the globe, but Andrew Sullivan still believes that promiscuity in homosexual relationships can show heterosexual couples that adultery doesn’t have to end their marriage. The Bible states, â€Å"Leviticus 20:13: If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. † Thus, a 4000 year old book had an answer to the question being asked today. i. e. = Same Sex Marriage– Ethical or Unethical? How to cite If only God had made Adam Steve, instead of Adam Eve, Papers

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay Example

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay ABSTRACT Metal cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. Typically, in the machining of hardened steel materials, no cutting fluid is applied in the interest of low cutting forces and low environmental impacts. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for hard machining with respect to tool wear, heat dissertation, and machined surface quality. This study compares the mechanical performance of minimum quantity lubrication to completely dry lubrication for the turning of hardened bearing-grade steel materials based on experimental measurement of cutting forces, tool temperature, white layer depth, and part finish. The results indicate that the use of minimum quantity lubrication leads to reduced surface roughness delayed tool flank wear, and lower cutting temperature, while also having a minimal effect on the cutting forces. Minimum quantity lubrication. doc (Size: 2. 7 MB / Downloads: 63) password:seminarprojects CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The growing demand for higher productivity, product quality and overall economy in manufacturing by machining and grinding, particularly to meet the challenges thrown by liberalization and global cost competitiveness, insists high material removal rate and high stability and long life of the cutting tools. But high production machining and grinding with high cutting velocity, feed and depth o f cut are inherently associated with generation of large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Quantity Lubrication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Quantity Lubrication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Quantity Lubrication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the surface integrity of the product. In high speed machining conventional cutting fluid application fails to penetrate the chip–tool interface and thus cannot remove heat effectively. Addition of extreme pressure additives in the cutting fluids does not ensure penetration of coolant at the chip–tool interface to provide lubrication and cooling . However ,high-pressure jet of soluble oil, when applied at the chip–tool interface, could reduce cutting temperature and improve tool life to some extent . However, the advantages caused by the cutting fluids have been questioned lately, due to the several negative effectsthey cause. When inappropriately handled, cutting fluids may damage soil and water resources, causing serious loss to the environment. Therefore, the handling and disposal of cutting fluids must obey rigid rules of environmental protection. On the shop floor, the machine operators may be affected by thebad effects of cutting fluids, such as by skin and breathing problems For the companies, the costs related to cutting fluids represent a large amount of the total machining costs. Several research workers state that the costs related to cutting fluids are frequently higher than those related to cutting tools. Consequently, elimination on the use of cutting fluids, if possible, can be a significant economic incentive. Considering the high cost associated with the use of cutting fluids and projected escalating costs when the stricter environmental laws are enforced, the choice seems obvious. Because of them some alternatives has been sought to minimize or even avoid the use of cutting fluid in machining operations. Some of these alternatives are dry machining and machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Dry machining is now of great interest and actually, they meet with success in the field of environmentally friendly manufacturing . In reality, however, they are sometimes less effective when higher machining efficiency, better surface finish quality and severe cutting conditions are required. For these situations, semi-dry operations utilizing very small amount of cutting fluids are expected to become a powerful tool and, in fact, they already play a significant role in a number of practical applications . inimum quantity lubrication (MQL) refers to the use of cutting fluids of only a minute amount—typically of a flow rate of 50–500 ml/h which is about three to four orders of magnitude lower than the amount commonly used in flood cooling condition. The concept of minimum quantity lubrication, sometimes referred to as near dry lubrication or micro-lubrication , has been suggested since a decade ago as a mean of addressing the issues of environmental intrusiveness and occupational hazards associated with the airborne cutting fluid particles on factory shop floors. The minimization of cutting fluid also leads to economical benefits by way of saving lubricant costs and work piece/tool/machine cleaning cycle time. Significant progress has been made in dry and semidry machining recently, and minimum quantity lubrication(MQL) machining in particular has been accepted as a successful semi-dry application because of its environmentally friendly characteristics. Some good results have been obtained with this technique . Lugscheider et al. sed this technique in reaming process of gray cast iron and aluminum alloy with coated carbide tools and concluded that it caused a reduction of tool wear when compared with the completely dry process and, consequently, an improvement in the surface quality of the holes. The drilling of aluminum–silicon alloys is one of those processes where dry cutting is impossible due to the high ductility of the work piece material. Without cooling and lubrication, the chip sticks to the tool and breaks it in a very short cutting time. There fore, in this process a good alternative is the use of the MQL technique The present work experimentally investigates the role of minimum quantity lubrication on cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation in plain turning of AISI-1040 steel at different speed-feed combinations by uncoated carbide insert and compares the effectiveness of MQL with that of dry machining and conventional cutting fluid. CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURE For the present experimental studies, AISI-1040 steel rod of initial diameter 110mm and length 620mm was plain turned in a BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp by uncoated carbide insert of integrated chip breaker geometry at different speed-feed combinations under dry, wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions to study the role of MQL on the machinability characteristics of that work material mainly in respect of cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation. The experimental conditions are given in Table 1. Machine tool BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp Work piece AISI-1040 steel (size: O110mm? 620 mm) Cutting tool (insert) Cutting insert Carbide, SNMM 120408 (P-30 ISOspecification), Drillco Tool holder PSBNR 2525M12(ISO specification), Working tool geometry ? 6? , ? 6? , 6? , 6? , 15? , 75? , 0. 8 (mm) Cutting velocity, Vc 64, 80, 110 and 130 m/min Feed rate, So 0. 10, 0. 13, 0. 16 and 0. 20 mm/rev Depth of cut, t 1. 0mm MQL supply: Air 7 bar, Lubricant: 60 ml/h (throughexternal nozzle) Environment: Dry, wet (flood cooling) and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) Table2. 1 Experimental conditions The ranges of the cutting velocity (Vc) and feed rate (So) were selected based on the tool manufacturer’s recommendation and industrial practices. The depth of cut was kept constant since it has much less significant role on the machining characteristics excepting the magnitude of the cutting forces, which simply increase proportionally with the increase in depth of cut. The MQL needs to be supply at high pressure and impinged at high speed through the nozzle at the cutting zone. Considering the conditions required for the present work and uninterrupted supply of MQL at constant pressure over a reasonably long cut, a MQL delivery system has been designed, fabricated and used. The schematic view of the MQL set up is shown in Fig. 1. The thin but high velocity stream of MQL was projected along the auxiliary cutting edge of the insert, as indicated in a frame within Fig. 1, so that the coolant reaches as close to the chip–tool and the work–tool interfaces as possible . The photographic view of the experimental set-up is Figure 2. 1 Experimental setup Figure2. 1Block diagram of MQL The MQL jet has been used mainly to target the rake and flank surface along the auxiliary cutting edge and to protect the auxiliary flank to enable better dimensional accuracy . MQL is expected to provide some favorable effects mainly through reduction in cutting temperature. The simple but reliable tool–work thermocouple technique has been employed to measure the average cutting temperature during turning at different Vc–So combinations by the uncoated carbide insert under dry, wet and MQL conditions. For the present investigation, the calibration of the tool–work thermocouple has been carried out by external flame heating. The tool–work thermocouple junction was constructed using a long continuous chip of the concerned work material and a tungsten carbide insert to be used in actual cutting. To avoid generation of parasitic emf, a long carbide rod was used to extend the insert. A standard K-type thermocouple is mounted at the site of tool–work junction. The oxy-acetylenetorch simulated the heat generation phenomena in machining and raised the temperature at the chip–tool interface. Standard thermocouple directly monitored the junction temperature when a digital multimeter monitored the emf generated by the hot junction of the chip–tool. The effect of MQL on average chip–tool interface temperature at different Vc and So under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 3. The chip samples collected while turning the steel by the insert of configuration SNMM at different Vc–So combinations under dry, wet and MQL condition have been visually examined and categorized with respect to their shape and color. The result of such categorization of the chips produced at different conditions and environments by the AISI-1040 steel. The actual forms of the chips produced during machining the steel with a cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 4. Another important machinability index is chip reduction coefficient, ? (ratio of chip thickness after and before cut). For given tool geometry and cutting conditions, the value of ? depends upon the nature of chip–tool interaction, chip contact length and chip form all of which are expected to be influenced by MQL in addition to the levels of Vc and So. The variation in value of ? with Vc and So as well as machining environment evaluated for AISI-1040 steel have been plotted and shown in Fig. 5. The deviations in the job diameter before and after cuts were measured by a precision dial gauge with a least count of 1_m, which was traveled parallel to the axis of the job . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Fig. 3. Variations in average chip–tool interface temperature with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During machining any ductile materials, heat is generated at the primary eformation zone, secondary deformation zone and the flank (clearance) surfaces, but the temperature becomes maximum at the chip–tool interface. The cutting temperature measured in the present work r efers mainly to the average chip–tool interface temperature. Any cutting fluid applied conventionally cannot reduce this chip–tool interface temperature effectively because the fluid can hardly penetrate into that the interface where the chip–tool contact is mostly plastic in nature particularly at higher cutting velocity and feed. However, MQL jet could have reduced the cutting temperature quite significantly though in different degrees for different cutting velocity and feed combinations as can be seen in Fig. 3. The presence of the grooves along the cutting edges and the hills on the tool rake surface and reduced chip–tool contact length may have helped the MQL jet to come closer to the chip–tool interface and thus effectively cool that interface. The difference in the effectiveness of MQL observed under different Vc and So can be reasonably attributed to variation in the nature and extent of chip–tool contact with the changes in Vc and So. The pattern of chips in machining ductile metals generally depend upon the mechanical properties of the work material, tool geometry particularly rake angle, levels of Vc and So, nature of chip–tool interaction and the cutting environment . In absence of chip breaker, length and uniformity of chips increase with the increase in ductility and softness of the work material, tool rake angle and cutting velocity unless thechip–tool interaction is adverse causing intensive friction and built-up edge formation. Table 3. Shape and co lour of chips at different vc and so condition It shows that the steel when machined under dry and wet conditions produced spiral type chips and the color of the chips become blue. The geometry of the insert is such that the chips first came out continuously got curled along normal plane and then hitting at the principal flank of the insert broke into pieces with regular size and shape. When machined under MQL the form of these ductile chips chang e appreciably into more or less half turn and their back surface appeared much brighter and smoother. This indicates hat the amount of reduction of temperature and presence of MQL enabled favorable chip–tool interaction and elimination of even trace of built-up edge formation. The color of the chips have also become much lighter, i. e. metallic from blue depending upon Vc and So due to reduction in cutting temperature by MQL. The actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 16 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL condition as can be seen in Fig. 4. Figure 3. 1 shape of chips at different condition Fig. 4. Actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under (a) dry, (b) wet and  © MQL conditions. Almost all the parameters involved in machining have direct and indirect influence on the thickness of the chips during deformation. The degree of chip thickening which is assessed by chip reducti on coefficient, ? plays sizeable role on cutting forces and hence on cutting energy requirements and cutting temperature. Fig. 5 shows that MQL has reduced the value of ? particularly at lower values of Vc and So. Figure. 3. 2. Variation in chip reduction coefficient, ? , with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions. By MQL application, ? s reasonably expected to decrease for reduction in friction at the chip–tool interface and reduction in deterioration of effective rake angle by built-up edge formation and wear of the cutting edge mainly due to reduction in cutting temperature . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Figure. 3. 3. Dimensional deviations observed after one full pass under dry, wet and MQL conditions In straight turning, the finished job diameter generally deviates from its desired value with the progress of mac hining, i. e. long the job-length mainly for change in the effective depth of cut due to several reasons which include wear of the tool nose, over all compliance of the machine–fixture–tool–work (M–F–T–W) system and thermal expansion of the job during machining followed by cooling. Therefore, if the M–F–T–W system is rigid, variation in diameter would be governed mainly by the heat and cutting temperature . With the increase in temperature the rate of growth of auxiliary flank wear and thermal expansion of the job will increase. MQL takes away the major portion of heat and reduces the temperature yielding reduction in dimensional deviation desirably CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present experimental investigation the following conclusions can be drawn: †¢ The cutting performance of MQL machining is better than that of conventional machining with flood cutting fluid supply. †¢ MQL provides the benefits mainly by reducing the cutting temperature, which improves the chip–tool interaction and maintains sharpness of the cutting edges. †¢ Due to MQL, the form and color of the steel chips became favorable for more effective cooling and improvements in nature of interaction at the chip–tool interface. Dimensional accuracy improved mainly due to reduction of wear and damage at the tool tip by the application of MQL. CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES [1] M. C. Shaw, J. D. Pigott, L. P. Richardson, Effect of cutting fluid upon chip–tool interface temperature, Trans. ASME 71 (1951) 45–56. [2] S. Paul, N. R. 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